PART 2- Section B: Celestial bodies, layers, particles and atoms- A discussion on nature of matter

If you agree the logic in Section A, you can proceed further. Else it will not be interesting.

In order to establish density changes in the material layers of a body, the first thing we need to do is to equate the material in layer to number of small 2^nd order bodies which have layered structure or the individual atoms and molecules with material layers around them.

In first case, in order to have 2^nd order bodies in a layer we need to establish the existence of material clouds with a proper density layered structure within them. Several of these clouds do exist in each layer around the celestial body. We can assume these clouds at varying scales to completely fill the layer. Inside each cloud, density may increase towards center at least with a minute magnitude. If we assume these kind of cloud bodies in each layer they also behave in the same manner as the 2^nd order bodies such as c₁’, c₂’ explained in section A, while the 1^st order body travelling towards high density areas. As the c₁’ and  c₂’   do, some of these cloud bodies will go into high dense layer by losing their outer layer material. Some of the clouds may leave their mother body and merge into 0(zero) order body’s layer. We will look into this aspect of what determines a body to follow or to leave it mother body in upcoming posts.

 In second case we need to have layers around atoms and molecules, with an outer layer whose density is equal to density of its environment.

At this point we need to look back into what does we mean by material layer. Earlier in Part 1, it was discussed widely. Most of the celestial objects in solar system don’t have atmospheric layers and are having hard solid layers in which atoms were chemically bonded strongly. And above all the atmospheric layers and material in within the systems like solar system were affected by heat, radiation and electromagnetic fields.

While exploring Earth atmospheric layers in Part 1, we have seen the layers inside Earth and above atmospheric layers where atoms no longer act like gases. There we observe very low densities such as 16 hydrogen atoms/cc. So the material layers could be in solid, fluid and gaseous states and the fourth state where it is no longer act like gas. In solids atoms are very close with strong chemical bonds. In liquids atoms or molecules are loosely bond and they slide past each other. In gases, the atoms and molecules freely move and collide each other. In the space above atmosphere, atoms and molecules no longer act like gases. A lot of free space is available and even though the particles are on move they hardly collide with each other. We know inter planetary space, interstellar space, space between galactic arms and inter galactic space too is filled with different kinds of particle clouds and space dust. As we have seen density at this space was shown with number of hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter or meter. Eg. Galactic spiral arm is with 1 × 10−22 kg/m3 i.e., 1 hydrogen (H) atom for every 16 cubic centimeters(cc), which means no space in Universe left emptied. It may be 1 H atom per 16 cc or 1H atom per 100 cc but existence of matter was there at every space in the Universe. The counter argument is this. 1 H atom occupies very less space, i.e, less than 0.00001 cc. It is negligible space in 16 cc or 100 cc. What is the left out space of one H atom is filled with? Is it not empty space?

What is the purpose of existence of empty space? How certain quantity of space comes in to existence without being occupied? We know the smallest particles in the universe up to protons, neutrons and electrons. And the existence of sub atomic particles such as quarks also was proved. Electrons, neutrinos kind of particles and the photons in electromagnetic spectrum may occupy some space but those particle sizes are infinitesimally small. There is large quantity of extra space is left after counting the space for these all kind of particles. How can we explain the existence of extra space? Is there any link between dark energy and this left out space? These are the questions with no simple answer. Even within the atoms, there is a lot of space left unoccupied. What explains this unoccupied space? Is it really empty or is there anything other than these known particles occupy this space or is the reason for this space? These are the questions need to be searched thoroughly.

Put aside these questions for a little while and let us see the celestial bodies, their layers and the materials inside those layers. We may expand the thought procedure on this as shown in the following points.

1.       It is clear from section A that the number of celestial bodies increase in outer layer of the mother body when which travels towards inner layers or high density layers of its mother body

2.       We should not stop thinking only the big celestial bodies but it is equally important to see whether the density of outer layer material within the celestial body increases when it is moving to high density layers

3.       If we able to equate each particle of the material layer to a celestial body then we don’t require a special section to prove density increase. As the number of celestial bodies increases, the density of material layer too increases

4.       Equate atoms to the celestial bodies with revamping the definition of density

a.       In order to equate small particles such as hydrogen, helium and oxygen atoms or molecules, we need to prove that these particles too have material layers around them with decreasing density from their centre to outer layers

b.      Once ‘material layers for atoms’ concept comes into picture the concept of ‘material’ and ‘material density’ drastically changes

c.       The material in atomic layers would have no experimental proof in near future though the celestial bodies in atomic layers already have a proof in the form of orbiting electrons. Here the electrons, protons and neutrons etc., are the child bodies for the atom.

d.      If atoms do have layers and float inside the layer of a celestial body- then atom’s outer layer should have the same density feature as that of the layer density where it floats

e.      The density of the layer as per the conventional definition is determined by the number of atoms per cubic meter space. The same definition will not fit to define the density inside layers of atom.

f.        We need to revamp the definition of density in such case. If the word ‘density’ is confined to smaller meaning, we should either expand it or invent a new word to explain the properties of layers around different celestial bodies of varying sizes.

g.       When atoms or celestial bodies are floating in mother layer, neighboring atoms come in contact at their outer layer, when all the atoms or celestial bodies come in contact with their outer layers touching each other; at that layer all these atoms do have similar density feature or value for that layer. Their outer layers may form as one big common layer for all those particles. We can assign a value for this layer and we can call it as ‘density field value’ of the outer layer.

h.      For a celestial body outer layer the density is directly proportional to the ‘density field value’ of that layer. Here, the ‘density field value’ of the mother body layer equates the ‘density field value’ of the child bodies’ outer layer.

i.         This ‘density field value’ overcomes the limitation of ‘density’ concept.

5.       It is hard to prove the atoms do have material layers with particles smaller than electrons. It is equally hard to disprove. We are in preoccupied state of mind that the Universe is empty space with certain pockets of material in it. We can also explain the universe with the concept of ‘there is no space unoccupied’ in the universe. At various levels, the universe is occupied with materials with different size particles.
Any way now we got an opportunity to move with great idea which has the potential to explain some untold truths about the Universe. The assumptions which are hard to prove or disprove, if they help us to move forward, we can go little far with that assumption and if it serves the purpose, one day we may get a chance to come back and look at that assumption to get more clarity on that. On that day we may able to prove that assumption as truth.
So for now we move with the idea of 'varying density field' around each material body, whether it is a big celestial body like Galaxy or a small sub atomic particle like electron. Each layer around material body is filled with still smaller material particles with outermost layer of the same density as this layer has. With this definition of material body, let us see how much progress we can make in 'search for the Origin of the Universe'.