PART 2- Section B: Celestial bodies, layers, particles and atoms- A discussion on nature of matter

If you agree the logic in Section A, you can proceed further. Else it will not be interesting.

In order to establish density changes in the material layers of a body, the first thing we need to do is to equate the material in layer to number of small 2^nd order bodies which have layered structure or the individual atoms and molecules with material layers around them.

In first case, in order to have 2^nd order bodies in a layer we need to establish the existence of material clouds with a proper density layered structure within them. Several of these clouds do exist in each layer around the celestial body. We can assume these clouds at varying scales to completely fill the layer. Inside each cloud, density may increase towards center at least with a minute magnitude. If we assume these kind of cloud bodies in each layer they also behave in the same manner as the 2^nd order bodies such as c₁’, c₂’ explained in section A, while the 1^st order body travelling towards high density areas. As the c₁’ and  c₂’   do, some of these cloud bodies will go into high dense layer by losing their outer layer material. Some of the clouds may leave their mother body and merge into 0(zero) order body’s layer. We will look into this aspect of what determines a body to follow or to leave it mother body in upcoming posts.

 In second case we need to have layers around atoms and molecules, with an outer layer whose density is equal to density of its environment.

At this point we need to look back into what does we mean by material layer. Earlier in Part 1, it was discussed widely. Most of the celestial objects in solar system don’t have atmospheric layers and are having hard solid layers in which atoms were chemically bonded strongly. And above all the atmospheric layers and material in within the systems like solar system were affected by heat, radiation and electromagnetic fields.

While exploring Earth atmospheric layers in Part 1, we have seen the layers inside Earth and above atmospheric layers where atoms no longer act like gases. There we observe very low densities such as 16 hydrogen atoms/cc. So the material layers could be in solid, fluid and gaseous states and the fourth state where it is no longer act like gas. In solids atoms are very close with strong chemical bonds. In liquids atoms or molecules are loosely bond and they slide past each other. In gases, the atoms and molecules freely move and collide each other. In the space above atmosphere, atoms and molecules no longer act like gases. A lot of free space is available and even though the particles are on move they hardly collide with each other. We know inter planetary space, interstellar space, space between galactic arms and inter galactic space too is filled with different kinds of particle clouds and space dust. As we have seen density at this space was shown with number of hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter or meter. Eg. Galactic spiral arm is with 1 × 10−22 kg/m3 i.e., 1 hydrogen (H) atom for every 16 cubic centimeters(cc), which means no space in Universe left emptied. It may be 1 H atom per 16 cc or 1H atom per 100 cc but existence of matter was there at every space in the Universe. The counter argument is this. 1 H atom occupies very less space, i.e, less than 0.00001 cc. It is negligible space in 16 cc or 100 cc. What is the left out space of one H atom is filled with? Is it not empty space?

What is the purpose of existence of empty space? How certain quantity of space comes in to existence without being occupied? We know the smallest particles in the universe up to protons, neutrons and electrons. And the existence of sub atomic particles such as quarks also was proved. Electrons, neutrinos kind of particles and the photons in electromagnetic spectrum may occupy some space but those particle sizes are infinitesimally small. There is large quantity of extra space is left after counting the space for these all kind of particles. How can we explain the existence of extra space? Is there any link between dark energy and this left out space? These are the questions with no simple answer. Even within the atoms, there is a lot of space left unoccupied. What explains this unoccupied space? Is it really empty or is there anything other than these known particles occupy this space or is the reason for this space? These are the questions need to be searched thoroughly.

Put aside these questions for a little while and let us see the celestial bodies, their layers and the materials inside those layers. We may expand the thought procedure on this as shown in the following points.

1.       It is clear from section A that the number of celestial bodies increase in outer layer of the mother body when which travels towards inner layers or high density layers of its mother body

2.       We should not stop thinking only the big celestial bodies but it is equally important to see whether the density of outer layer material within the celestial body increases when it is moving to high density layers

3.       If we able to equate each particle of the material layer to a celestial body then we don’t require a special section to prove density increase. As the number of celestial bodies increases, the density of material layer too increases

4.       Equate atoms to the celestial bodies with revamping the definition of density

a.       In order to equate small particles such as hydrogen, helium and oxygen atoms or molecules, we need to prove that these particles too have material layers around them with decreasing density from their centre to outer layers

b.      Once ‘material layers for atoms’ concept comes into picture the concept of ‘material’ and ‘material density’ drastically changes

c.       The material in atomic layers would have no experimental proof in near future though the celestial bodies in atomic layers already have a proof in the form of orbiting electrons. Here the electrons, protons and neutrons etc., are the child bodies for the atom.

d.      If atoms do have layers and float inside the layer of a celestial body- then atom’s outer layer should have the same density feature as that of the layer density where it floats

e.      The density of the layer as per the conventional definition is determined by the number of atoms per cubic meter space. The same definition will not fit to define the density inside layers of atom.

f.        We need to revamp the definition of density in such case. If the word ‘density’ is confined to smaller meaning, we should either expand it or invent a new word to explain the properties of layers around different celestial bodies of varying sizes.

g.       When atoms or celestial bodies are floating in mother layer, neighboring atoms come in contact at their outer layer, when all the atoms or celestial bodies come in contact with their outer layers touching each other; at that layer all these atoms do have similar density feature or value for that layer. Their outer layers may form as one big common layer for all those particles. We can assign a value for this layer and we can call it as ‘density field value’ of the outer layer.

h.      For a celestial body outer layer the density is directly proportional to the ‘density field value’ of that layer. Here, the ‘density field value’ of the mother body layer equates the ‘density field value’ of the child bodies’ outer layer.

i.         This ‘density field value’ overcomes the limitation of ‘density’ concept.

5.       It is hard to prove the atoms do have material layers with particles smaller than electrons. It is equally hard to disprove. We are in preoccupied state of mind that the Universe is empty space with certain pockets of material in it. We can also explain the universe with the concept of ‘there is no space unoccupied’ in the universe. At various levels, the universe is occupied with materials with different size particles.
Any way now we got an opportunity to move with great idea which has the potential to explain some untold truths about the Universe. The assumptions which are hard to prove or disprove, if they help us to move forward, we can go little far with that assumption and if it serves the purpose, one day we may get a chance to come back and look at that assumption to get more clarity on that. On that day we may able to prove that assumption as truth.
So for now we move with the idea of 'varying density field' around each material body, whether it is a big celestial body like Galaxy or a small sub atomic particle like electron. Each layer around material body is filled with still smaller material particles with outermost layer of the same density as this layer has. With this definition of material body, let us see how much progress we can make in 'search for the Origin of the Universe'.

PART 2- Section A: Density Change with celestial body movement

Introduction

In Part 1, with section 1 & 2 it has been established the shell nature of celestial bodies, where a celestial body can be a moon like small satellite or a big galaxy. Material in every celestial body spread across different layers and the density within the body decreases from center to outer layers. As every celestial body floats into one of its mother body layer (Eg. the solar system is the mother body to Earth), there is a boundary separating celestial body from its mother body. At this boundary the density of outermost layer is equal to density of the mother body layer. In section 3, it is shown how a body loses its outer layers when it travels towards high density layers of its mother body. Now here in this part 2, we will see how a celestial body layer can get outer layer bodies which are orbiting this celestial body towards its high density layers and how the material density in each layer can increase with the movement of the celestial body towards center of mother body.

Section 1: Increase in number of bodies in layers of the body moving towards high density layers 

The 2^nd scenario of celestial body behavior explained at the end of part 1 is critical to the new hypothesis on origin of Universe or existence of Universe. When celestial body, C travelling towards the center of mother body, M, c’, the moon of C can act in both ways, 1. ether to leave C and become a satellite to M or 2. give up the outer layer, which is holding it back from moving along with C. For this c’ needs to move closer to center of C. By doing so, c’ reduces its size and loses its mass too. And the stellar body C as a whole increases its density as it loses large volume space with a fraction of loss in mass in the form of outer layer.

Fig.2.1.1. The Moon C, along with its sub-moon c’ moving towards planet M behaves in either of the two ways depicted in scenario 1 &2. C loses c’ to M’s outer layer as c’ is unwilling to give up its outer layer materials are shown in scenario 1. It is shown with body scenario 2, that c’ is carried in by C even at the high density space of M, which happened as c’ maintains to arrive at high density  space of C by losing its outer low density layer materials.

The behavior of c’ is the key in deciding the fate of C as a whole. And this needs to be observed thoroughly.

If C doesn't travel towards higher densities of M, the question of c’ leaving or not, doesn't arise. But if C travels towards higher densities, c’ must behave in either of two ways as discussed above. If c’ does able to give up its outer layer then it can still act like the moon of C and can go along with C towards M. If c’ is not able to lose its outer layer it cannot follow C and needs to be get-away from C and become a moon to M inside M’s outer layer.

The phenomenon explained here can be applied to Earth system along with Moon. Moon is the natural satellite of Earth, which orbits around Earth in one of Earth’s material layers defined by certain density. If we assume this layer as outer most layer of Earth then, if Earth system moves towards Sun then either of two situations explained in fig 2.1.1 is a possibility. One situation can arise where Moon can leave Earth system and becomes a planet of Sun, where as in second situation by losing its outer layers Moon will come pretty much closer to Earth. Either one of these two situations is driven by Moon’s 'holding capability of its outer layers' or the Earth’s holding capability of Moon. If Earth’s holding capability is weaker than the Moon’s holding capability then Moon leaves Earth system and vice versa.

The phenomenon of Fig.2.1.1 is extension of Earth-Moon system, where Moon also has one sub moon with same atmospheric layers as Moon(C) and Earth (M). The scenario 2 of Fig.2.1.1 explains how the sub moon, c’ comes closer to C by losing its outer layers. If c’ is as big as C then we can call them as twin moon system like twin planets. This is not an uncommon phenomenon universe where scientists identified lot of twin stars. They can have common outer layer. In this case we call C and c’ as C₁ and C₂ respectively. As shown in Fig.2.1.2, when this twin moon system moves towards M by having scenario-2 situation, C₁ and C₂ come further closer to each other by losing their common outer layer and turning their inner layer a common layer to both C₁ and C₂.

Fig. 2.1.2: When twin moons C₁ and C₂ having a common outer layer moves towards high density layer of their mother body, they come closer and their immediate inner layer becomes their common layer as the outer layer lost

Further extension of this idea gives more insight into how the bodies inside a mother body get affected when the mother body goes in to high density layers or inner layers of its mother body. If we assume few sub moons(3^rd order bodies) orbit inside last two outermost layers of C₁ and C₂ (which are the 2^nd order bodies), such that c’₁ , and c’₂ in outer most common layer of C₁ and C₂ and in immediate inner layer d’₁ , and d’₂ orbit successively in each individual layer of the C₁ and C₂ . Fig.2.1.3. is referred for better clarity. When 1^st order body, i.e., the Earth system moves towards the inner layer of it mother body, if this system entirely follows the scenario 2, the c’₁ , and c’₂ of outer most common layer come into immediate high density layer of C₁ and C₂ where as this layer is now a common layer for  C₁ and C₂ . As the inner layer became the common layer for C₁ and C₂  , d’₁ , and d’₂ becomes common bodies to both C₁ and C₂ and upon the entry of  c’₁ , and c’₂ due to their inward movement all c’₁ ,  c’₂ , d’₁ , and d’₂ co-exist in the common layer. Now we may call combination of C₁ and C₂ as new body C₁₂. In this way the outer layer of these 2^nd order bodies becomes denser by not only due to loss of the outermost layer but also due to the entry of outer layer bodies with their increased outer layer densities. Here if we take the mass of bodies in calculating the density of a layer this layer density increases. But the mass of incoming bodies is nothing to do with true density of material layers. If we observe a unit space of that layer it remains unaffected by the incoming outer body. But if we see the number of bodies such as c’_1, c’₂ and d’₁ types their number has increased in the outer layer.

Fig.2.1.3: When the twin moons are having still smaller moons in their layers, during their inner layer is turning into the common layer for them, the outer layer moons (c’₁ and c’₂) too come in to the inner layer by losing their outer layers. At the same time the inner layer individual moons (d’₁ and d’₂) become common moons for both C₁ and C₂. So all four moons in two layers co-exist in single common inner layer, which is now outermost layer for C₁₂.

If the combination body C₁₂ further goes deep down into inner layer of its mother body M, these 2^nd order bodies all c’₁ ,  c’₂ , d’₁ and d’₂ may still go down in high density layer by losing their outer layers and may join the high density bodies e’₁ ,  e’₂ and e’₃. If mother body further goes down, the c’₁ and c’₂ bodies may not able to carried in further and the combination body C₁₂ may not able to carry them further. In that case, scenario 1 is prevalent and the body C₁₂ may lose c’₁ or c’₂ or both.

If we apply this phenomenon to bigger celestial bodies like galaxies and clusters of galaxies we could see this kind of phenomenon happening over there. While Galaxies move in to higher density areas of universe when scenario 2 is applicable the number of stars and planets will increase in outer arms of Galaxy.

The density change in the material layers in celestial bodies also can be established but for before that we need to get clarity on several things which we do in section 2.